The Youth Culture Of Punk - 1710 Words

Youth cultures have been subject to a variety of changes since their emergence. Youth cultures that have endured such profound change include rockers, flappers, punks, hippies and skinheads. In this essay I have decided to focus solely on the youth culture of punk, and the differences it has been subject to when the subculture first emerged compared to in a contemporary context. In doing this I have decided to include information about the emergence and origins of punk, features or style of the punk subculture, how the subculture has changed since its emergence, contemporary punk today and why it is apparent that the punk subculture has changed. Emergence and Origins of Punk The punk subculture first surfaced in the 1970s and by the mid-1990s punk had made the transition from a secluded underground group or tribe of people to a more commercialized or mainstream movement (Haenfler, 2010). The punk movement first emerged as a way of rebellion and protest and an outlet for the youth of the 1970s to shock their adult counterparts. Clark (2003, p. 223) poses the idea that the beginning of punk was a rebellious act â€Å"which emerged to fight even the normalization of subculture itself, with brilliant new forms of social critique and style’†. This rebellion, anarchy or ‘calculated anger’ that Clark speaks of, resulted in a state of moral panic throughout Britain due to the raw work of The Sex Pistols which caused upheaval by media, parliament and the public (Clark, 2003). Punk rockShow MoreRelatedThe Band Called Greenday1489 Words   |  6 Pagestheir catchy punk rock tunes. Leading the way for Punk Rock culture, they were youths a nd 20 somethings’ outlet for expressing their frustration and angst with puberty, adolescence and the beginning of adulthood. Each day society would see another kid ending up as a victim of a broken or abusive home, leaving the number of youths raising themselves, ever on the rise. At the time of Green Day’s rise to fame the generation of youth strongly identified with the Punk Rock scene and culture that was homeRead MoreHegemony and Youth Culture1087 Words   |  5 Pagesdemonstrated in youth culture. Willard states that the cultural authority of the dominant society must be questioned as to its legitimacy in the dominant role as the authority plays an important role in its production (739). Talcott Parson (qtd. in Osgerby) says that youth in his view, established behaviours and values, often perceived by older generations as unique and different from the dominant society which spread among the youth to form what is now known as â€Å"Youth Culture† (109). SubcultureRead MoreEssay on The Origination Of Punk Rock1079 Words   |  5 PagesOrigination of Punk Rock nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The time was in the mid-seventies, there was a void in the music industry that needed to be filled. This need for a new sound was aptly filled by punk rock, a new type of sound that had evolved from mostly rock and a little pop music. The focus of this paper is on punk rock and it’s ample beginnings, early pioneers of the new sound, punk rock listener’s cultural background and their ideas as a whole, bands influenced by the punk rock movementRead More Punk music in the 70s and 90s Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Punk music has gone through an evolution ever since the punk explosion in the late seventies. Although todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s punk music retains most of the ideology and sound that defines the punk genre, there are some distinct differences between Nineties and Seventies punk. Most of the punk bands to emerge and gain popularity in the nineties mostly hailed from California (Green Day, the Offspring, etc.). Punk vanguards from the seventies hailed from the East Coast and from GreatRead MoreEssay on Youth Culture1434 Words   |  6 PagesEssay on Youth Culture The 60’s and 70’s saw the rise of youth culture. Youth culture can be seen as a particular pattern of beliefs, values, symbols and activities that a group of young people are seen to share. Along with the rise of youth culture came the theories developed on it. The theories developed in the 60’s were mainly functionalism. Functionalists believe that society or a social structure is like a biological structure and that all social institutions function for the survivalRead MorePunk Music : The Influence Of Punk Rock Music1559 Words   |  7 Pages The origins of Punk Rock have been stated as unknown. However, true â€Å"punk† has long lived in the hearts of the youthful subcultures in America, the United Kingdom, and Australia, since the late 1960’s and early 70’s. During this time, Punk Rock, which was influenced by Rock and Roll, offered its upbeat compositions and in-your-face lyrics, which brought some intelligence to the get drunk, get laid mentality that prevailed. Much like a shot of adrenaline to a dying heart, Punk Rock regeneratedRead MoreIs Dance Music a Subculture or Has it Now Become a Culture in its Own Right?967 Words   |  4 PagesSubculture or Has it Now Become a Culture in its Own Right? Classically subcultures define themselves as other and subordinate to the dominant culture. Many cultural theorists such as Stuart Hall and Dick Hebdige have been chiefly concerned with the ways in which subcultures subvert and pose a resistance to the established order through their expressive dress codes and rituals. Dance music seems to depart from these theories of youth culture, since it has not establishedRead MorePunk Subculture1702 Words   |  7 Pagessubcultures often distinct through different subcultural capitals. This essay will interpret the notion of ‘subcultural capital’ thoroughly and analyses how it assists subgroups differentiate themselves from other social groups, especially focusing on the punk subcultural capital and its contemporary condition. Based on the theoretical foundation on cultural capital originally put forward by Bourdieu, Thornton further developed this notion ‘subcultural capital’ to make sense of the distinctions made byRead More Subculture Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesgroups. In analyzing the specific subculture of â€Å"punk†, these questions seem to fall towards the greater issue of â€Å"external vs. internal†. External indicates that this subculture is making a statement, merely through an image culminated on the exterior. Internal suggests a deeper, often political, and vigorously bold statement, such as protesting for citizens’ rights, rebelling against class structure, or publicly claiming a self- identity. Also, was punk a movement that said what it wanted to, and isRead MoreCulture and Music Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesCulture and Music George Gershwin once said, â€Å"True music must repeat the thought and inspirations of the people and the time. My people are Americans and my time is today.† Over the years, no form of art has attached itself to humanity more than music. Music has been creating and destroying cultures in the Twentieth Century at a very rapid rate. Fads come and go, but true music and the heart behind it never dies. The story of subcultures in and through modern music has to start in the

Brand Equity Essay Free Essays

string(183) " behavioral approach that the company has towards the clients while creating awareness, the attitudinal approach of the consumers and the multi-domain approach that combines the two\." Brand equity is the manner in which the customers perceive the commodity in the market. When goods and services are branded in a way that impresses the client, the purchase power becomes high as opposed to the product that is not branded. Keller and Lehmann (2003), supports the fact that branding of the commodities is very important to the consumers because it increases the taste hence attract many clients. We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Equity Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, Kallapur and Kwan (2004), support the idea by analyzing that branding increase the value of the products sold. Clients are more impressed when the goods are branded since it increases the level of trust to them. Interbrand (2011) in the United States was rated among the best because the turn up of the clients to buy goods and services was very high. Brand equity is a great relative measure that enables the company to give a comparison with its competitors, for this reason therefore, it has great impact on the financial value of the commodities branded.It gives a multi-reflection on the products on display, the firm that produces the goods and other related attributes. Keller (1993) found the model used in brand equity. From his point of view, he states that from the consumers, one is able to apprehend the value of the brand equity of the product. The brand of a particular product only sells widely if the consumers feel the taste, they have good experiences ion the brand and if there is long accumulation of that brand to them. In the dimension of brand equity, Keller (2001) gives an example with two items where one is branded and the other one is not branded. Due to the fact that one product is branded and the clients are well vast with it, it penetrates in the market faster as opposed to that which is not branded. Another important aspect in brand equity is when it is customer based. Customer based brand equity in this case is to say that the customers themselves have the sole decision making about a particular products. Negative views and analysis on the product gives it a knock out in the market. In this regard, customer based brand equity is very instrumental in and an important tool for the loyalty of the consumers. Kotler Keller (2006) explains the customer loyalty is very precious; it provides security of particular product in the market. It also predicts the level of demand that the clients will eventually have on the very product. On the other hand, it can act as a barrier to other firms that may be having a similar interest in supplying the same goods in the market. Brand Awareness The concept of brand awareness has drawn attention to many academics practitioners. Awareness of a particular product depends on the way it is advertised. More advertised products create awareness to the clients than the product which are not advertised. When advertised, consumers become more popular with the products and they try them most of the time. For customer awareness to be created, the image of the product must be of high quality and likened by the clients. Clients play a very pivotal role in creating awareness on the product. Goods that are widely used by clients are branded with good image and the clients are motivated to use them. While creating awareness on the product, it is important to point out the price that is friendly to the clients which makes them forgo other products to the newly branded. The awareness should be created on the importance of the very product and how it helps the community as opposed to other goods. In the increasingly competitive market place today, it is important for companies to create awareness on the products in time so as to compete other companies producing related products. Reaching customers in time, allows them to organize for good market strategies that enable the goods to be sold within the shortest time possible. The image that the costumers get when awareness is created to them is very essential in determining whether the product will penetrate the market or not. Keller (2010) argues that with the proliferation of brands and awareness of the goods in the market, the consumers make their purchase decisions depending on the price quoted during advertisement. When the price is too high, the goods are more likely to be bought by people living in high class. On the other hand, when the price quoted is too low, the low economic class will go for the products. For this matter therefore, it is inherent for the companies to quote the price that is friendly and can be managed by everyone. This makes the product to be supplied easily within the shortest time possible. Also, the relationship of the satisfaction of the client and the image of the product is directly proportional. A lot of recent research has been carried in service industries to prove this. Good image of the product to the client makes the product to trend much in the market unlike the product that has bad image. Moreover, although positive impact of brand image on customers’ satisfaction and their loyalty can be testified, the brand image does not only affect the loyalty of the customers but also has an impact on other mediating factors. Most importantly, the channel used to create awareness to the consumers is very essential. Using email and wozap, for example, which many local customers might not be having, exposes the product to have a lesser image to the clients. Only a few people will be reached hence created little awareness. Therefore, it is important to create awareness to customers through a channel that is easily accessed by many clients. Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty presents a well defined bibliography on the subject through various scopes. Loyalty of customers to a particular product depends on various factors. The factors herein are the behavioral approach that the company has towards the clients while creating awareness, the attitudinal approach of the consumers and the multi-domain approach that combines the two. You read "Brand Equity Essay" in category "Essay examples" The manner in which the company approaches the consumers and informs them about the product matters a lot in either them accepting or refusing to buy the product. Here, there is a lot of aspect that should be considered. The choices of words matters a lot, using language that is friendly to the consumers makes the like the product itself. The reaction to the clients enables them to choose whether or not to buy from the company. A company that has friendly language to the consumers portrays a positive behavior as opposed to that company that has no choice of words. Also, good choices of words makes the consumers have a positive attitude and likeness towards the products on advertisement. In this dictum, the company using a positive attitudinal approach is likely to bring more consumers to their attention as opposed to the one that does not care about the attitude. A combination of the two is very paramount for the growth and retention of the customers. In order to have long lasting customers, there should be conversant with the way they are addressed. The business law states that a client is ever right even when wrong, for this reason, they should be treated with a lot of decorum and respect since without them; there is high possibility of goods not going through the market. Building a positive attitude on customers about the products makes them have confidence and trust on the company and the products. The manner in which loyalty to clients was handled has greatly changed. Loyalty is increased through regulation of prices in the market. A fair and friendly price on commodities makes the clients more loyal to the company hence buying more goods. The tendency also states that it is very easy to attain new consumers than to retain the existing ones. This is so because knowing the behavior of new customers may require additional cost and this may affect the company if there is no loyalty. For this reason companies have found it more prudent to increase the value of innovative products and increase the global competition for products too. This makes the clients to remain loyal to the companies. They are retained by ensuring that the products given to them are of high quality as opposed to the competing partners. A lot of studies have been done o increase the brand loyalty based on behavioral definitions. Most importantly, Gounaris and Stathakopoulos (2004) gives explanation on the various types of loyalty depending on the price. No purchase is a case where the customer does no purchase totally since they have to interest on the brand. In covetous loyalty, the consumers are not purchasing yes but they are emotionally tied the products because of the social environment created to them during branding. For the case of inertia loyalty, the consumers have propensity towards the brand. They only buy because they are advertised or any related person has bought. Lastly, premium loyalty, where there is emotional tie and social effect is extremely high and the customers are really motivated to buying the products. It is most important for the companies to convince their customers to have premium loyalty. Perceived Quality It is defined as the judgment that is made by the customer on the services that are provided in an organization Chen and Chang (2013). The judgment made by the client in this case depends on the durability of the product, attention that they are given, the worthiness of the commodity and the safety. The perception that the customers have on the products is very vital for the selling of the commodity in the market. Poor perception leads to low turnout in the market avenue while positive perception makes the goods be sold more. Perceived quality affect the risk in which then customers have towards the product. The quality of the product enable the client to risk in taking it to try using even if he had never tried it before. But when the quality is low, one would not be motivated in using the product. Therefore, the companies that produce quality makes expose clients to a lot of risks since they are curious to know the taste of the products. Another factor that the research gives herein is that trust is also affected by perceived quality Chen and Chang (2013). The results indicate that good quality has positive impact to the clients. When the costumers get the eminence of the products they need, they tend to build a lot of trust on the product and the company producing them. On the other hand, poor production tends to reduce the degree at which the consumers trust the suppliers. This makes lead to clients running away from the services and go to where the services are better. Therefore, investment on green perception increases the level at which the customers perceive the quality of the product and the vice versa. In marketing, customers’ satisfaction is the most important aspect. It occupies a bigger part in observation and theory on the products. Before organizations introduce new products in the market, they have to ask themselves whether the clients will be satisfied with the products or not. If the answer is no then they have to make good approaches to deal with it. Dealing with it means making good quality that will appeal to the eyes of the costumers. Satisfaction differs from customer to customer. What satisfy one client may not be the same as what makes the other client happy. Satisfaction depends on fashion, texture, price among many other factors. Therefore, the organization should try at all cost to create satisfaction to the clients despite the factors. The quality of the product that satisfy customer should include different features as well as enhancing good performance of the product. It should be liked by many clients as far as satisfaction of their needs is concerned. The research also point out that perceived quality also depends on both intrinsic and extrinsic cues. In this case, the physical quality of the products gives the customers to have more expectation of similar goods next time. Therefore, managers should be more vibrant in and interested in implementing the cues that increase the brand equity. On a similar note, they should also make necessary marketing and appropriate actions that enable these cues arrived at and implement them accordingly. Brand Association Brand association is nodes of information that has the real meaning of brands within the mind of the customer. Any thought that is linked to the mind of the customer about the brand is termed as brand association. Most of the marketers use brand association to help in creating good position of the products to be bought by the customer. They enact psychological preparation to the clients to enable them acquire the products. Consumers on the other hand, use the brand association in making decision whether to acquire goods or not. For long, scholars have had varied opinions on the manner in which brand association should be categorized because there are several aspects that constitute to brand association. Because of this, there are three categories of brand association, attitude, attribute and the attitude. Keller (2013) divides attributes into two, product and non-product categories. Products related are the ingredients that are very vital for the production of quality goods and services and they are mainly sought by the consumers. Contrary to this, the non-product attributes consist of the outer aspects of the products like the price and usage. These factors are determined by the company and through them; the customers can either be attracted or distracted from obtaining goods and services. Attitude in this case refers to the behavior that the customers develop on the products after usage. Once they start using the goods and services, they are at a position of evaluating whether the products are impressing or not. The impression made on first experience carries the rest of the days. In addition, benefits are the special values that one gets by using the products. The client can get the benefit through the product`s functionality in the body, through experiential, where he feels the usage of the product. Good use of products enables the clients to like the goods and develop the intrinsic urge to use them always. It is also important to note the symbolic benefit which is extrinsic. It refers to the external benefits associated with the buying of goods and services. They include the after sale services like delivery, social status, prestige, and augmentation made on the product. These factors attract clients by a great margin. Cheng-Hsui Chen (2001) points out that accompany that employ the principle are more like to excel as opposed to the company which does not. The empirical study states that brand association is very important since it helps in examining on the brand equity (Fayrene Lee, 2011). Brand equity can contribute to a positive impact to organization because it increases the customers’` ability and willingness to buy goods and services. Because of this reason, it stands a great motive of having a favorable association beside the consumers as the main objective in realizing high output. How to cite Brand Equity Essay, Essays

Polish Immigrants to the US Essay Example For Students

Polish Immigrants to the US Essay e development of a land poor, agricultural poor country led to many Polish migrating West in hope of finding a better sense of life. This was true of my stepfathers grandparents, who came to the United States from Poland around 1915. During the late 19th and early 20th Century, social as well as economical hardships fell upon a country which saw more then three million emigrate overseas to the New Land. (American Identity). The mass movement of people was the result of the reforms of the legal systems governing land ownership in all three states occupying parts of Poland. Upon the collapse of the feudal system, many poor polish peasants inherited land that was simply unaffordable to them. The peasants had to pay the previous landowner for their small farms; they did this by working at his farm, usually hard long hours allowing minimal hours for him to farm his own land. Thrusting all other members of family to find work in any area possible to put food on the table. Jobs however, wer e simply not to be had due to the economical backwardness, which occurred by the vast rise in population and the slow industrial growth. The mass amounts of manpower looking for jobs, coupled with a very new industry which couldnt support the mass manpower led to mass migration out of Poland into many countries, the greatest of these the United States. The emigrant travels usually started by train, bringing them from their homeland to ship ports across Europe. Once at such ports, a ticket was to be purchased, costing anywhere from $25-35, which enabled the passage to begin. The voyage, lasting about two months in the mid 1800s fell drastically to eight to fifteen days in the early 1900s. Aboard huge steamboats, migrants were cramped and sleeping space was confined to compacted bunks, outlined by poor ventilation. A report to congress in 1909 called the conditions disgusting and demoralizing (American Identity Immigrants arriving in NY 1906). Upon arrival to America, immigration authorities first investigated them. Arrival for the early immigrants landed them in Castel Garden Island, and later on Ellis Island. After passing through immigration, which consisted of medical as well as legal inspection, Poles were often met by relatives or representatives of Polish National Union or some other organization. Typically, however, they had to continue their journey by themselves. Clearing immigration inspection many Poles were attracted to midwestern life, namely Detroit and Chicago because of the vastly increasing opportunity for occupation. Of the many options, which were presenting was; the building of railroads, the paving of streets, and in the citys rapidly expanding manufacturing industries. Between 1910 and 1920 the number of foreign born whites in Detroit nearly doubled. The largest group, the Poles, accounted for 20% of foreign born whites (American Identity Thirteenth U.S. Census). Poles were attracted to manufacturing rich parts of the United States. The labor force used in large part for this industrial expansion comprised of Polish immigrants. Unskilled in any trade, the Poles were forced to begin their careers at the lowest level of employment. As such groups as the Germans and Irish sought advancements in their occupational opportunities, the Polish were forced to the unskilled lower paying professions. Such professions included in stove work s, in cigar and tobacco factories, in foundries, in machine shops, in construction work, and in packing houses. Women, at first found mainly in the domestic service, in the bean factories, and in farm work, soon drifted to the cigar factories, the match factories, to hotels and restaurants, and to tailoring establishments. (Dziennik Polski, 4 (Fri. Dec. 20, 1907). 1-4, Col. 7; Personal interviews.) Polish immigrants tried to fit into American culture. With the key to success for Polish to be like the many, English was mandatory as well as American customs. On the contrary, Chinese immigrants who mostly settled in California, mainly the San Francisco area developed a self-sufficient community, which was properly labeled Chinatown. Unlike the Polish, Chinese immigrants consisted of 90% males that worked to support not only themselves but also family back home. Chinese workers played a key role in the Californian agricultural development. (American Identity Chinese agricultural worker s). Working conditions, much like that of the Polish was very unsanitary. Bottom of the barrel jobs where cheap labor was needed, laid the commonality between Chinese and Polish job-hunts. Another group, which likewise was shown discrimination against, was the Italians. They unlike the Polish didnt migrate entirely to the industrial boom. Many went to California to do what they knew best, fishing. However, many Italians like the Polish took seasonal work as well as working for the railroads (American Identity Italian Occupations). In contrast, all of these groups had a common identity. All cultures came to make money the best way they could. By doing this, all had the commonality of a better lifestyle. .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 , .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .postImageUrl , .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 , .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:hover , .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:visited , .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:active { border:0!important; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:active , .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535 .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3d10b21e8a1e19616df56744cd3b9535:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor - Brief Look EssayPolish migrants, being deeply devoted religious people, built expensive churches to ease their transition into America. The first Polish settlement was organized in the neighborhood of the first Polish Roman Catholic church. Built as luxurious palaces, the Church united the Polish, as a common symbol that eluded pride out of the timid new Americans. Bringing a sense of unity at a time where self-searching was definite, these churches united the Poles into proud Polish-Americans. In the Polish communities, building and loan cooperatives began early and spared widely. Centered by their core, the church, it was run by a wide interest of people w ho got to share their views equally. Its purpose was to amass funds from small regular contributions upon which members could draw to purchase homes. This was the basis for which their first mutual aid society were formed. The death benefit ran in a similar style, amassing financial effectiveness by having individuals pay small amounts yearly until the death of the loved one occurred. The insurance covered a proper burial, as well as finical stability once the loved one passed on. A larger association, free from church ties was the Polish National Alliance. Made up of many smaller organizations helped guide the Polish into a easier transition into American life. The Union encouraged all Polish to take on an American style of living, by encouraging them to vote, become U.S citizens, and to take stand in the Nations public needs. It has encouraged Polish people to build their social institutions, including parishes and schools, and to actively support further advancements of these ins titutions (American Identity). Establishing a better means cannot simply occur through self-involvement alone. The reactions and the responses the Poles encountered helped mold them into Americans. The great goal of America was to impress the men, that they are, or should be Americans, and that prior alliance to any other country shall be disregarded (American Identity English School outside of Ford Plant). Polish Americans, better then most groups blended with the American style of life and with its previous inhabitants. The attitude of the Poles towards slavery was very strongly against the issue. Since they themselves were against all forced servitude in their motherland, they didnt support American enslavement. Because of this, many Polish were treated like the Blacks themselves. Problems arrived with the Jewish race soon after the End of WW1. Polish-Jewish relations were strained by tensions over events in Eastern Europe concerning Polands return to independence, the plight of its largest minority, and the p ost-war Minorities Treaty extending equal rights to ethnic minorities (American Identity Peddling in Hamtramck). Following the 1890s, a gradual rise in the social status of Poles from unskilled to skilled labor or to independent business activity is evident. While nearly all the Poles before 1890 could be classified as laborers, in 1900, according to Federal statistics, the percentage of that group decreased to approximately 47 per cent. Although not absolutely conclusive, these statistics show the general tendencies in economic life: the Poles were making their way into practically every field of economic activity; there were among them brokers, bookkeepers and accountants, commercial travelers, electricians, engineers, foremen, government officials, officials of banks and companies, and the like. In the professional fields the Poles had few representatives during the first two or three decades (J. 0. Curwood, An Ethnographical Study of Detroit, The Detroit News-Tribune, 68 (Sun. Aug. 21, 1904), 4, Col. 3.)

The Demon Lover & The Signalmen Essays - Ghosts, Speculative Fiction

"The Demon Lover" & "The Signalmen" Ghost stories are a special and enjoyable type of literature in which a reader creates a feeling of suspense. The reason for this being is that the writer chooses to end the story without a resolution. By doing this, it makes a reader look into their imagination and make their own resolution. Two ghost stories that do this are "The Demon Lover," written by Elizabeth Bowen, and "The Signalmen," written by Charles Dickens. In these two ghost stories there are many distinct similarities and differences to compare and contrast. Through examining the plot structure and the method of suspense, readers can clearly see these similarities and differences. The similarity that both of these stories share is that they have the same plot structure. Plots deal with the events that make up a story. Plots in a sentence build up a conflict until it reaches a climax. In the "Demon Lover," the plot is a woman that makes a promise to her demon lover that she cannot keep, and marries another man. The climax of this story is that this lover returns years later to take her away from her loved ones. In "The Signalmen," the plot is about a railroad employee that is being haunted by a ghost. The result of this haunting kills an innocent man trying to work at this job. Also, the plot of a ghost story is built around supernatural elements, events beyond the normal order of things. In " The Demon Lover," the supernatural element is the demon lover himself. This man comes back into her life after many years and just decides to ruin it. In "The Signalmen," the element is the ghost that was haunting the signalmen. When the ghost was screaming to him all tha t time, little did he know that it was going to be himself who was going to die. As a result, these representations of the conflict, climax, and supernatural events clearly show the similarity in both structures. Although these stories seem alike in their plot structures, they also have some major differences, this being their methods of suspense. The techniques that Elizabeth Bowen uses in " The Demon Lover" are irony and paradox. Irony is the literary term which involves surprising, interesting, or amusing contradictions. A paradox is a statement or a situation that seems contradictory, false or absurd and yet may be true. The ironic thing about this story is that some people feel sorry for this woman, but yet she shouldn't have made the vow in the first place if she couldn't fulfill it. One paradox in "The Demon Lover" is when the demon lover returns for the woman who made an unnatural vow. Although she cannot fulfill the vow, it is a vow that she must fulfill. This means that she made a promise, broke it, and has to pay for the consequences. Another example is the woman who is obsessed with reaching the taxi driver to escape from her demon lover. Little does she know that the taxi driver is the one from who she is fleeing. In fact, this demon lover is actually the taxi driver making Mrs. Drover keep her unnatural vow. In contrast, " The Signalmen" used the literary techniques coincidence and foreshadowing. Coincidence is and accidental and remarkable occurrence of events or ideas happening at the same time. Foreshadowing is the use of clues in a literary work that suggests events that have yet to occur. An example of coincidence in " The Signalmen" is that the signalmen is being haunted by a ghost who repeated the same words which he will experience at the last breath of air before his death. " Halloa! Below there! Look out!" This coincidence showed how beautifully this story ties together. An example of foreshadowing in this ghost story is when the signalmen is meeting with the women when he looks at the bell before it even rings, and looks out at the red light near the tunnel. " Turned his face toward the little bell when it did not ring, opened the door of the hu t, and looked out toward the red light near the mouth of the tunnel." This example

The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate

The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate Introduction The essay is an in-depth examination of two major economic terms; real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate. It is no doubt that these terms are more often than not used in economy. Unfortunately, it does not only confuse non economist but also some of the economics students (OSullivan Sheffrin 24).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper thus seeks to clearly distinguish the two terms and succinctly explain the reasons behind real exchange rate being used rather than nominal exchange rates. It is worth mentioning here that exchange rate is of great significance in economics since it expresses a country’s currency quotation as compared to foreign currencies (Munro 41). It helps in specifying how much a currency of one country is worth compared to another. For that matter it is used in converting cu rrencies. There are different types of exchange rate; sport, forward, bilateral, pegged real and nominal the last two are the center of discussion. Differences between real exchange rate and nominal exchange rate Nominal exchange rate has been economically defined as the actual foreign exchange quotation which is the opposite of real exchange rate that has been adequately adjusted to cater for changes in the purchasing power of a country currency. Mathematically, nominal exchange rate is considered in terms of prices of domestic currency of a unit of currencies from other foreign countries. It is worth noting that the determinants of nominal exchange rate are; changes in real side of economy, variability in monetary as well as financial attributes usually influenced by what has been termed as cross link market and finally past as well as current values of same financial markets with it independent variability (Smith par. 3). Additionally, nominal exchange rates are brought to play i n financial markets. In that case they are more less the same as stock exchange market. It is worth noting that the establishment of the rate is done on a continuous quotation. Print media especially newspaper on daily basis report such quotations. There are also cases where the central bank might engage in fixing such type of rate (Sanderson 31).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, real exchange rate has been thought of as a corrected nominal rate probably by considering issues relating to inflation. Strictly speaking, real exchange rate is different from nominal exchange rate as the former factors in issues of goods that are either tradable or non-tradable. With this in mind, when prices go up and other things remain constant, and then real exchange rate appreciates (OSullivan Sheffrin 345). Additionally, real exchange rate tells us more about the differences in prices by weighting trade volumes. Similarly, it shows what a country really gets for one unit of her domestic currency. Reasons why real exchange rate is utilize According to Gillmore par. 5 the major reason for utilizing real exchange rate over nominal exchange rate solemnly lies on the concept that the former is a corrected version of the later. This means that the varying level of inflation rates in various countries as compared to that of a given country is adequately factored in (Sanderson 19). For that reason, this provides the relevant stakeholders with a more specific and informative value of their currency. This is very important considering doing business internationally (Engel 45). Conclusion From the review of the two economic terms, nominal and real exchange rate, there are indeed some distinguishing characteristics such as real exchange rate factors in issue relating to inflation rates while nominal does not. Similarly real exchange rate is ut ilize rather than nominal exchange rate since it provide individuals and government with informative information concerning the country’s currency strength as it considers inflation rates from different countries. Engel, Charles. Exchange rates and prices, 1998. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The real exchange rate and the nominal exchange rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gillmore, David. The costs of inflation, 2008. Web. Munro, Anella. What drives the New Zealand dollar? 2004. Web. OSullivan, Arthur Sheffrin, Steven. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. pp. 458. Sanderson, Raymond. Exchange rates and export performance: evidence from the micro data 2009. Web. Smith, Mark. Impact of the exchange rate on export volumes, 2004. Web.

The Definition and Significance of the Walrasian Auctioneer

The Definition and Significance of the Walrasian Auctioneer A Walrasian auctioneer is a hypothetical market-maker who matches suppliers and demanders to get a single price for a good in perfect competition. One imagines such a market-maker when modeling a market as having a single price at which all parties can trade. The Work of LonWaltras To understand the function and relevance of the Walrasian auctioneer in the study of economics, one must first understand the context in which the Walrasian auctioneer appears: the Walrasian auction. The concept of the Walrasian auction first appeared as the design of French mathematical economist Là ©on Walras.  Walras is famed in the field of economics for his formulation of the marginal theory of value and the development of the general equilibrium theory. It was in response to a specific problem that eventually leads Walras to the work that would develop into the theory of general equilibrium and the concept of the Walrasian auction or market. Walras  set out to solve a problem originally presented by the French philosopher and mathematician Antoine Augustin  Cournot. The problem was that while it could be established that prices would equate to supply and demand in individual markets, it could not be demonstrated that such an equilibrium existed in all markets at the same time (a state otherwise known as general equilibrium). Through his work, Walras eventually developed a system of simultaneous equations which ultimately presented the concept of the Walrasian auction.   Walrasian Auctions and Auctioneers As introduced by Là ©on  Walas, a Walrasian auction is a kind of simultaneous auction in which each economic agent or actor calculates the demand for a good at every conceivable price then presents this information to the auctioneer. With this information, the Walrasian auctioneer sets the price of the good to ensure that the supply is equivalent to the total demand across all of the agents. This perfectly matched supply and demand are known as equilibrium, or general equilibrium when the state exists overall and across all markets, not just the market for the good in question. As such, the Walrasian auctioneer is the person conducting the Walrasian auction who effectively matches that supply and demand based upon the bids provided by the economic agents.  Such an auctioneer renders the process of finding trading opportunities perfect and cost-free which result in perfect competition in the market. In  contrast, outside of a Walrasian action, there might exist a search problem in which there is a stochastic cost of finding a partner to trade with and additional transactions costs when one does meet such a partner.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ One of the key principles of the Walrasian auction is that its auctioneer operates within the context of perfect and complete information. The existence of both perfect information and no transaction costs ultimately gives rise to Walras concept of  tà ¢tonnement or the process of identifying the market clearing price for all goods to secure general equilibrium.

Olaska Novakivsky Expressionist Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Olaska Novakivsky Expressionist Art - Essay Example The painting chosen is St. George’s Cathedral. This painting was completed after World War I during Novakivsky’s expressionist period. St. George’s Cathedral has heavy colors (Novakivsky 1921-1922). Even the lighter colors of white, yellow, and blues are darker than needed. The scene is of a church on top of a hill surrounded by wild foliage. Instead of looking like a serene place to worship, this church appears foreboding. A white figure appears at one of the openings. The viewer might think religion or this church has an elusiveness that is not obtainable. This expressionism feeling of anger at the loss of a higher power can be felt upon looking at the painting. Novakivsky began his career as an impressionist. Novakivsky was an illustrator, as well as a painter (MudryÄ ­ 1962:225). He studied at â€Å"Odesa (1888–92) and at the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts (1892–3, 1895–1900)† (Hordynsky 1993). Groveart (2000) states â€Å"Here he developed a painterly Impressionism.† Before World War I, Novakivsky had a more of a defined brush stroke, lighter colors, and lighter subjects. After World War I, Novakivsky like many other Ukrainians felt rage, indignation, and lucky to be alive. This was reflected in his paintings. St. George’s Cathedral displays this rage and indignation. The rage against a world that murdered God with a stupid needless war made Novakivsky upset. This reflected in his work. In the historical and social context, Novakivsky exemplified the Ukrainian culture. When Novakivsky was born, Ukrainian culture dominated the region. The events happening in the Ukraine between Russia and Poland after World War I influenced Novakivsky like many other Ukrainian artists. During this period most individuals think of Russian or Polish art, but seldom think about Ukrainian culture. There was a unique culture in the Ukraine. Novakivsky’s

Corporations (Research) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporations (Research) - Essay Example Legal responsibility indicates that organizations must fulfill their economic objectives within the legal framework requirements. Ethical responsibility requires the organizations to follow the moral rules. Discretionary responsibility incorporates those activities of an organization that are not mandated, not required by law, and not expected of organizations in an ethical sense (cf. Carroll, 1979, p. 500). For instance, organizations fulfill their discretionary responsibility by providing a day-care center for working mothers. (Maignan and Ferrell, 2000, p. 283) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an approach to business activities encompassing the basic questions relating to the role and purpose organizations play in the society. Central to this approach is the pledge to the so-called triple bottom-line of economic, social and environmental concerns. As per the principle of CSR, business must recognize that they get legitimacy to do business in society and must account for their social and environmental impact accordingly. As the business organizations are operating in the society, so the businesses must give something back to the society. By the same token, it is expected that business concerns will behave responsibly and will not engage in any activities that will cause harm to the society. NGOs and other campaigning organizations are putting pressure on certain Multinational companies, especially those engaged in hazardous activities like biological, mining, chemical and oil sectors. Nevertheless, in spite of the pressure from NGOs , promotion of CSR activities within the business practices of the organizations is also very strong. Some of the advantages for integrating CSR principles encompass reduction of risk, higher satisfaction among employees, low employee turnover and securing long-term financial performance. (Susan, 2003, P. 130) Organizations have noticed that social responsibility is good for their business for, and from, each part of the seven main azimuths within which they carry out their business activities. These parts are their shareholders and potential investors; managers; employees; customers; business partners and contractors or suppliers; the natural environment; and the communities within which they operate, including national governments. (Michael, 2003, P. 4). The social performance of an organization is a very crucial factor for the overall success of a business entity. If an organization engages in activities that adversely affect the environment, the environmentalists will surely speak against the organization that will badly affect the social performance of the organization. Furthermore, poor social performance will drive away potential investors. In today's increasingly competitive business world no business concern will want to loose the confidence of its potential investors. Today consumers avoid what they consider as socially irresponsibly made products or products of businesses that have allegedly not acted in the best interest of the society. (Michael, 2003, P. 3). It stands to reason that no business concern will surely take the risk of loosing its customer by acting against the interest of the s

Student Resources Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Student Resources Worksheet Essay Student resources include a variety of helpful sites and tools that can be of assistance when completing assignments, connecting to other students, and searching for careers. Complete this table regarding student resources provided by the university. In the first column, identify where the resource can be found. In the second column, summarize each resource in at least one sentence. When you are finished with the matrix, answer the follow-up question in part B. Part A: Resources Scavenger Hunt Student resource Where found Summary of the resource Syllabus Home section Lets you know all of your tasks and assignments and what is required of you to do throughout your whole course Class Policies Class Home Tells you the academic and instructor policies University Library Library Has a variety of resources and links to help us as students. We can also search for a variety of things. University Academic Catalog Program Contains academis program and policies effective to your program University Learning Goals

Hamlet Spying And Deception :: essays research papers

Who’s there?'; (1,I,1), is the opening line of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, a question asked by a soldier on guard duty. A sentinel starting his midnight shift normally expects to relieve his fellow sentry as usual; yet he still wonders and challenges the identity of his fellow sentry, because he wonders if it may be someone spying. The question displays that there is a need to assure that one is not being deceived. Spying and deception introduce the play and continue to dominate the play, contributing to a major theme of Hamlet. The theme of ‘appearance versus reality'; is developed through the deception and spying in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tone of deception is initiated by Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, now, the bestial King of Denmark. Claudius’ murderous actions are revealed by Old Hamlet’s ghost. The visitations explain the background to Denmark’s deception. “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown'; (1,V,39-40). The first speech by Claudius is well organized and is clever enough to conceal his deadly sin which was committed through ambition and possibly lust:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A witched wit, and gifts that have the power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So to seduce! - won to his shameful lust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. (1,V,42-46) On more than one occasion Claudius sends Rosencrants and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. Although they are supposed to be Hamlet’s schoolmates, Claudius uses them as pawns in his attempt to reveal what Hamlet is doing. Claudius gets Rosencrants and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet on his way to be killed. Although Claudius states that he loves Hamlet, he arranges for Hamlet to be killed in England. When his original plan is unsuccessful, he schemes a trap for Hamlet to fall into. The guilt from Claudius’ deception and spying eventually builds up on him:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O ‘tis too true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plast’ring art,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Than is my deed to my most painted word.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O heavy burden!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (3,I,49-53) Claudius obtains the crown by corruption and in doing so he is the beginning of the eventual tragedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Polonius has many deceptive roles in the play, as well as some warnings concerning this deceit. At first he warns Laertes, who is on his way to school, to trust no one. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,/ For loan oft loses both itself and friend,/And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.'; (1,III,75-77). He then warns Ophelia, his daughter, of the trickery Hamlet plays

Unemployment – Case Study

Therefore we consider theories of selling, by studying the decision-making process of buyers.Problem In the case study: 1. How will Jan maintain good rapport and close the deal of the purchase. 2. Jan inexperienced customers and unsure of his ability to explain the product in the new surroundings to a more technical audience. 3. He is also worried about demonstrating the product to the office staff since one of the advantage which will become apparent at any such demonstration is the potential staff savings of the equipment. 4.Jan is dejected and He thinks where did he go wrong and what will he do now? Ian Browsing is a salesperson and has the ability in selling appropriate products to customers need, answering any questions is his capability to communicate. With his being good communicator, he convince and get good harmonious relationship and close to deal of purchase. Jan needs to assure that before he explain to the new surroundings he must be knowledgeable and he learned what his being explain so he need to study first before he proceed to explanation.Jan dejected as it means Jan can't continuously become demonstrating the products because only purchasing anger can do what he will do. Jan worried so that he need to talk the supervisor who promoted him as direct business division to also get information about the company premises. The purchasing manager is upset because he has not been consulted about the proposed purchase so Jan has been dejected. He Is also worried about equipment Jan Browsers Is a salesperson promoted to direct division In a computer company.HIS ability to strike rapport with prospects and reading them well, leaders to purchase is the contribution of his success. When he started working in the local firms he contacts a chemical-producing company with co employees, 1 2 of those is in office and administrative positions. He Is asked before his visits for the demonstration of the sullenest as well as posting relevant details to the company's office manager. He is worried because he is inexperienced when deals in retail, but much of his 1 OFF by the office manager. He telephoned Jan saying he is determined to block the purchase on pentacle. VI.RECOMMENDATION For Jan Browsers as a sales person and for purchasing manager they need to have DOD harmonious relationship in order to benefit their company. Jan has to appear to the purchasing manager and convince him and he must use his ability in communicating the purchase manager. For purchasing manager he might be look and try Jan too new direct division if it is effective so that he knows first the capability and knowledge of Jan. Purchasing was believed to be a problem solving behavior undertaken by a rational individual whose goal was to maximize satisfaction by choosing ideal combination from range affordable commodities. Unemployment – Case Study Therefore we consider theories of selling, by studying the decision-making process of buyers.Problem In the case study: 1. How will Jan maintain good rapport and close the deal of the purchase. 2. Jan inexperienced customers and unsure of his ability to explain the product in the new surroundings to a more technical audience. 3. He is also worried about demonstrating the product to the office staff since one of the advantage which will become apparent at any such demonstration is the potential staff savings of the equipment. 4.Jan is dejected and He thinks where did he go wrong and what will he do now? Ian Browsing is a salesperson and has the ability in selling appropriate products to customers need, answering any questions is his capability to communicate. With his being good communicator, he convince and get good harmonious relationship and close to deal of purchase. Jan needs to assure that before he explain to the new surroundings he must be knowledgeable and he learned what his being explain so he need to study first before he proceed to explanation.Jan dejected as it means Jan can't continuously become demonstrating the products because only purchasing anger can do what he will do. Jan worried so that he need to talk the supervisor who promoted him as direct business division to also get information about the company premises. The purchasing manager is upset because he has not been consulted about the proposed purchase so Jan has been dejected. He Is also worried about equipment Jan Browsers Is a salesperson promoted to direct division In a computer company.HIS ability to strike rapport with prospects and reading them well, leaders to purchase is the contribution of his success. When he started working in the local firms he contacts a chemical-producing company with co employees, 1 2 of those is in office and administrative positions. He Is asked before his visits for the demonstration of the sullenest as well as posting relevant details to the company's office manager. He is worried because he is inexperienced when deals in retail, but much of his 1 OFF by the office manager. He telephoned Jan saying he is determined to block the purchase on pentacle. VI.RECOMMENDATION For Jan Browsers as a sales person and for purchasing manager they need to have DOD harmonious relationship in order to benefit their company. Jan has to appear to the purchasing manager and convince him and he must use his ability in communicating the purchase manager. For purchasing manager he might be look and try Jan too new direct division if it is effective so that he knows first the capability and knowledge of Jan. Purchasing was believed to be a problem solving behavior undertaken by a rational individual whose goal was to maximize satisfaction by choosing ideal combination from range affordable commodities.

Intercultural Communication and Business Practice

Intercultural Communication and Business Practice: The system of sharing symbolic resources by a group of people is known as culture and communication is basically the practice of making and exchanging these symbolic resources or meanings. Since intercultural communication is basically communication between people of various cultures, intercultural business communication is considered as the communication by people of different cultures between and within businesses (Chen, 2007).The importance of intercultural business communication and impact of intercultural communication in business practice is largely because of diversity in the workplace. Most organization and businesses depend on intercultural communication since cultural differences do not prevent people from working with each other. Actually, in today’s business environment, the need for good intercultural communication skills cannot be underestimated since it results in better business. Revolutionary Shift in Business Practice through Intercultural Communication:As compared to fifteen years ago, business ventures and practice are rapidly becoming more and more globalized (Shively, 2010). This is largely due to the fact that today’s world is characterized by an ever increasing number of interactions between people from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. International business has begun to develop in more prominent cultures with the exception of only a few regions. Consequently, the revolutionary shift in business practice from an intercultural communication angle is the rapid development of international business ventures across the globe.Business ventures and enterprises are now adopting an international or global perspective that enables them to conduct their business effectively across various cultures. This shift to international business from a global perspective is due to the fact that intercultural communication is a common daily experience, universal phenomenon and has been on-going for thousands of years. The increase of intercultural communication in the twenty-first century is also a factor that has contributed to the revolutionary shift in business practice.From an intercultural communication angle, there are four major developments that were significant to the rapid growth of intercultural communication and revolutionary shift in business practice. These major developments include: 1. Developments in Transportation Technology: The developments in transportation technology has not only helped in shrinking the world to a global village but it has in turn created a means for people to travel anywhere within a period of days (â€Å"Chapter 1† n. d. ).As a result of this easier and quicker traveling, people from different cultural backgrounds communicate in the modern world and engage in business ventures and practices. 2. Improvements in Communication Technology: Improvements in communication technology happened concurrently with those in transportation technology prompting the rapid movement toward a global village. These improvements have resulted in the ability of people to have instant vocal, video, textual and graphic communication. Consequently, conducting international business has also been made easier because of the instant global communication in various forms. . Changes in Patterns of Mass Migration: With the movement of millions of people across national borders, contacts with people from other cultures have now become a normal part of day-to-day life. This has made businesses to strive in attempts to adapt to the cultural diversity including advertising to communities using their respective language. Such efforts enable businesses to communicate effectively to their customers from different cultural backgrounds. 4. Globalization of the World Economy:This is the major development in intercultural communication that has resulted in the revolutionary shift in business practice since international businesses have become a vital economic force for many nations. This development has been brought by the fact that intercultural communication serves as a platform for conducting international business through international communication. The globalization of the world’s economy has challenged business people to become more internationally aware and inter-culturally adept. Revolutionary shift in business practice is also evident in the fact that globalization has promoted mobility and made the abor market more challenging (Espinar, 2010). However, working in an international team and interacting with business partners or customers from different cultural backgrounds has brought challenges and the need for new attitudes and skills. For international businesses to gain competitive advantage, there is need for conscious efforts in acquiring new skills to communicate successfully in a global context (â€Å"Introduction†, n. d. ). Furthermore, the global business environment requires a broad training on intercultural communication because of the cultural diversity and increasing globalization. Cultural Diversity Management:Since the need for communication is a fundamental principle in the success of any business, management of cultural diversity is crucial. This is because intercultural communication may present difficult impediments that cover the whole communication spectrum. These intercultural barriers and conflicts that characterize today’s workplace basically involve verbal and non-verbal communication factors which have a huge impact on communication with people of other cultures. The major intercultural barriers and conflicts include ethnocentricity, jargon and slang, stereotypes, eye contact, time and personal space.Ethnocentricity is basically considered as the assumption that other cultures speak the same language with a person’s culture. This has resulted in businesses conducting their transactions on their language and contributed to the failure of these businesses in foreign markets. While every culture develops unique sets of jargons and slang and use them in their business ventures, people from other cultures do not understand their meanings resulting in intercultural communication barriers. Various cultures have distinct approaches to personal space and a lack of cultural understanding may make certain people uncomfortable (Evans, n. . ). Stereotypes and assumptions across cultures have distinct meanings which significantly impact effective intercultural communication. Understanding cultural norms concerning eye contact and time is essential in effective intercultural business communication. This is due to the divergent approaches to eye contact and time across various cultures. Throughout the history of management of cultural diversity in businesses, there have been significant changes in which has led to the adoption of new business practices in handling intercultural communication barriers and conflicts.F rom a historical perspective, addressing these barriers and conflicts was based on the predominantly indigenous and homogenous workforce. Intercultural business communication was minimal because of the nature of the business environment that wasn’t culturally diverse. The general cultural diversity management was developed through anti-discrimination, equality legislation, workplace ethics and affirmative action. The management mainly relied on affirmative action and equality policies to handle the intercultural barriers and conflicts in the workplace.This business practice and approach by the management developed in the United States and was intended to conquer the dominance of white males in the business and workplace environment. Generally, there was no strategic approach of addressing intercultural communication barriers and conflicts. Management practices in the handling of intercultural communication barriers and conflicts have changed over time because of the worldâ₠¬â„¢s increasing globalization. Given that people are no longer in an insular marketplace and have become part of the global economy, there is need for interacting with people of divergent cultures.Consequently, management of and importance of workplace diversity has become a fundamental issue for management today (Green et al, n. d. ). One of the major changes in diversity management is the development of the necessary managerial skills to supervise a multicultural work environment. These managerial skills basically involve training on multicultural differences within the organization in order to treat business associates, colleagues, partners and customers with dignity.The current approach in handling intercultural communication obstacles and intercultural conflicts are not confined to compliance driven or rights-based practices. While equality and other diversity management legislations are integral in the process, the current practices involve a holistic approach. This holistic approach is for the strategic use of the diversity of people in the business environment to achieve business and organizational incentives. Instead of focusing on making the individuals fit to institutional values, the holistic approach focuses on valuing the individual.As a result, the management and business objectives are connected since the approach capitalizes on drawing potential from individuals’ diversity. Conclusion: Intercultural business communication is essential to today’s business environment because of the diverse workforce which is a reflection of the changing marketplace and world. While a culturally diverse workforce adds greater value to organizations and businesses, it also brings several challenges and conflicts that need to be addressed. Therefore, it’s important for managers to possess necessary skills in handling these challenges to communicate effectively.References: â€Å"Chapter 1: Introduction to Intercultural Communication. † (n. d. ). Learning Chapters, from www. cflo. edu. cn/jiaocai/109/147/992075/. doc Chen, J. (2007, August 7). International Business Communication, from http://ccomm. bravehost. com/Report1. html Espinar, A. L. (2010). The Use of ICT In The Development of Intercultural Business Communication, from http://www. pixel-online. net/ICT4LL2010/common/download/Proceedings_pdf/LBV06-Larrea_Espinar. pdf Evans, K. (n. d. ). Six Barriers to Intercultural Communication, from http://www. how. com/list_6303080_six-barriers-intercultural-communication. html Green et al (n. d. ). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges and the Required Managerial Tools, from http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu/hr022 â€Å"Introduction. † (n. d. ). Research on Contemporary Diplomacy, from DiploFoundation Education website: http://www. diplomacy. edu/language/communication/main. htm Shively, M. (2010, March 29). Intercultural Business Taboos: What to Avoid, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/28199 50/intercultural_business_taboos_what. html

If You Dont Know Jack, Youre a Jackwagon

If You Dont Know Jack, Youre a Jackwagon If You Don’t Know Jack, You’re a Jackwagon If You Don’t Know Jack, You’re a Jackwagon By Mark Nichol A recent news article prompted me to research the use of jack as a catch-all term: Apparently, a pair of pot smugglers ignored the sensible admonition â€Å"Don’t get high on your own supply† and, in a state of THC-fueled paranoia, called 911 to complain that while transporting their precious cargo, they were being harassed by undercover police officers in nearby vehicles. The caller referred to the alleged persecutors- probably just fellow motorists perturbed by the unsteady hand of the man at the wheel- as â€Å"jackwagons.† All usages of jack in English, it turns out, derive from the proper name Jack, a variant of the common names John (from English, but ultimately derived from the Hebrew name Yochanan, also the source of the name Jonathan) and Jacques (the latter of which, from France, is the origin of the word jacket). The ubiquity of these names in medieval England resulted in its use as a general term of address for the common man. (In Middle English, it was spelled various ways with an e at the end and pronounced â€Å"Jackie,† hence the diminutive form of the nickname.) The Scots equivalent, Jock, was the origin of the word jockey, used to describe someone who rides or drives a horse in a race or, by extension, operates a vehicle or a tool (as in â€Å"disk jockey,† the origin of the entertainment term DJ, also spelled deejay). To jockey, on the analogy of a jockey’s riding strategy, is to maneuver or negotiate for advantage. From the usage of Jack as a generic name stems such terms as lumberjack for a worker who cuts trees down and steeplejack for someone specializing in working on tall structures, jack-of-all-trades, referring to a person who is skilled at multiple types of jobs or tasks, and jack-o’-lantern (â€Å"jack-of-the-lantern,† originally synonymous with will-o’-the-wisp) and jack-in-the-box, the name for a toy and a carved pumpkin lit from within respectively, as well as â€Å"Jack Frost† as a personification of wintry cold and â€Å"Jack the Ripper† as a nickname for a notorious serial killer in Victorian London. (Jack-in-the-box was originally slang for a con man who switched out a full box for an empty one, and it acquired numerous other senses, too.) The name also became associated with sailors in the designation â€Å"Jack Tar,† thanks to the fact that men of the sea generally had a scent of tar about them. Fictional characters given the Everyman appellation in tales and nursery rhymes include the heroes in â€Å"Jack and the Beanstalk† and â€Å"Jack the Giant Killer† and personages in â€Å"Jack Sprat† and â€Å"Jack and Jill.† Jack was also applied to the lowest-ranking face cards in a deck of playing cards (which is the origin of jackpot, meaning â€Å"a prize,† and hence jack, a slang term for money) and to various small objects, including flags (as in â€Å"Union Jack†) and the game of jacks and its playing pieces. The sense of â€Å"small† is also responsible for the retort â€Å"You don’t know jack shit† (or just â€Å"jack†). It also appears in the name of animals and plants, including the jackass, or male donkey, the jackrabbit (a hare named for its long ears, suggestive of a donkey’s), and the jackdaw, a relative of the crow, plus the jack oak and jack pine trees, as well as the jack-in-the-pulpit plant. Jackanapes, from the nickname given to an upstart English nobleman, derives from â€Å"Jack of Naples,† a contemporary slang term for a monkey that came to refer to an impudent person. The cheese variety Monterey Jack was named after its first commercial producer, David Jack, who lived near Monterey, California. The noun jack, referring to various mechanisms, including a device for hoisting or raising a heavy object, and the verb form jack and the verb phrase â€Å"jack up† derive from the fact that the machines did the work of a common laborer. Jackhammer and jackknife, as well as the term bootjack, for a device used for removing boots, stem from this usage as well. (However, jackboot, referring both to a boot worn by cavalry soldiers and a later marching boot worn by German and Soviet military personnel- hence the word’s subsequent association with totalitarian oppression, although jackboots have been worn by soldiers of democratic nations as well- is unrelated: The cavalry jackboot was originally fortified with chain mail, and an Old French word for that material is jaque.) So, how did we get to the insult jackwagon, popularized in a television commercial featuring actor and former drill sergeant R. Lee Ermey? As a less offensive alternative to jackass as a derogatory label, it may derive from a nickname for the chuck wagon (chuck comes from a slang word for food), a vehicle carrying cooking implements and supplies for a cattle drive or a wagon train, or for any of one of several other types of wagons that might bring up the rear of a procession of other vehicles. The seemingly lowly status of the trailing wagon, literally left in the dust of what came before it, presumably came to be associated with a person of low character or intelligence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsWhat Is the Meaning of "Hack?"

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

Amritsar Massacre, 1919 The European imperial powers committed many atrocities during their period of world domination.  However, the 1919 Amritsar Massacre in northern India, also known as the Jallianwala Massacre, surely ranks as one of the most senseless and egregious.   Background For more than sixty years, British officials in the Raj had viewed the people of India with mistrust, having been caught off-guard by the Indian Revolt of 1857. During World War I (1914-18), the majority of Indians supported the British in their war effort against Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.  Indeed, more than 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers or support staff during the war, and more than 43,000 died fighting for Britain. The British knew, however, that not all Indians were willing to support their colonial rulers.  In 1915, some of the most radical Indian nationalists took part in a plan called the Ghadar Mutiny, which called for soldiers in the British Indian Army to revolt in the midst of the Great War. The Ghadar Mutiny never happened, as the organization planning the revolt was infiltrated by British agents and the ring-leaders arrested. Nevertheless, it increased hostility and distrust among British officers toward the people of India. On March 10, 1919, the British passed a law called the Rowlatt Act, which only increased disaffection in India.  The Rowlatt Act authorized the government to imprison suspected revolutionaries for up to two years without a trial. People could be arrested without a warrant, had no right to confront their accusers or see the evidence against them, and lost the right to a jury trial.   It also placed strict controls on the press. The British immediately arrested two prominent political leaders in Amritsar who were affiliated with Mohandas Gandhi; the men disappeared into the prison system. Over the following month, violent street scuffles broke out between Europeans and Indians in the streets of Amritsar.  The local military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, issued orders that Indian men had to crawl on hands and knees along the public street, and could be publicly lashed for approaching British police officers. On April 13, the British government banned gatherings of more than four people. Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh On the very afternoon that freedom of assembly was retracted, April 13, thousands of Indians gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh gardens in Amritsar.  Sources say that as many as 15,000 to 20,000 people packed into the small space. General Dyer, certain that the Indians were beginning an insurrection, led a group of sixty-five Gurkhas and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers from Iran through the narrow passages of the public garden. Fortunately, the two armored cars with machine guns mounted on top were too wide to fit through the passageway and remained outside. The soldiers blocked all of the exits.  Without issuing any warning, they opened fire, aiming for the most crowded parts of the throng. People screamed and ran for the exits, trampling one another in their terror, only to find each way blocked by soldiers. Dozens jumped into a deep well in the garden to escape the gunfire, and drowned or were crushed instead. The authorities imposed a curfew on the city, preventing families from aiding the wounded or finding their dead all night. As a result, many of the injured likely bled to death in the garden. The shooting went on for ten minutes; more than 1,600 shell casings were recovered.  Dyer only ordered a ceasefire when the troops ran out of ammunition. Officially, the British reported that 379 people were killed; its likely that the actual toll was closer to 1,000.   Reaction The colonial government tried to suppress news of the massacre both within India and in Britain.   Slowly, however, word of the horror got out.  Within India, ordinary people became politicized, and nationalists lost all hope that the British government would deal with them in good faith, despite Indias massive contribution to the recent war efforts.   In Britain, the general public and the House of Commons reacted with outrage and disgust to news of the massacre. General Dyer was called to give testimony about the incident.  He testified that he surrounded the protestors and did not give any warning before giving the order to fire because he did not seek to disperse the crowd, but to punish the people of India generally. He also stated that he would have used the machine guns to kill many more people, had he been able to get them into the garden.   Even Winston Churchill, no great fan of the Indian people, decried this monstrous event. He called it an extraordinary event, a monstrous event. General Dyer was relieved of his command on grounds of mistaking his duty, but he was never prosecuted for the murders.  The British government has yet to formally apologize for the incident.   Some historians, such as Alfred Draper, believe that the Amritsar Massacre was key in bringing down the British Raj in India.  Most believe that Indian independence was inevitable by that point, but that the callous brutality of the massacre made the struggle that much more bitter. Sources Collett, Nigel.   The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer, London: Continuum, 2006. Lloyd, Nick. The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. Sayer, Derek. British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920, Past Present, No. 131 (May 1991), pp. 130-164.

Interactions of The Laws of Demand and Supply in the Personal Computer Essay

Interactions of The Laws of Demand and Supply in the Personal Computer Market - Essay Example This rising demand has led to the fall in prices of the computers. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors that have led to the fall in prices of computers. This would help in understanding the theories of economics related to market demand-supply and undertake an analysis to find the application of the underlying theories of economics in practical conditions of the market. The study would help to provide an insight of the impacts of changing market condition on the prices of the products. The effects of the increase in demand of the computers on its prices in the market could be explained by relating the actual market scenario with the concepts of economic theories. The study also helps us to understand the effects of changing behavior of the market with the help of supporting data and diagrams. Analysis In economics theory, the demand and supply of a product plays an important role in determining the price of the product. The fall in prices of the computer is also att ributed to a change in the demand of the computers. The price of computers would vary until the market reaches a point of equilibrium where the demand of computers is equal to the supply of computers (Carbaugh, 2011, p.11). Since the prices underwent a change with respect to the change in demand and supply of computers, the product is said to be elastic. The increase in demand of the computers in the market can be attributed to factors like increase in the number of population, change in preference, taste and level of livelihood, and finally increase in income levels of the people. More people started to afford computers which led to increase in demand of the computers. A statistical analysis given below shows that the number of computers... This paper offers a thorough analysis of the recent tendencies on the personal computer market, which are determined by interactions of the underlying economic laws. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors that have led to the fall in prices of computers. The distribution and cost of goods in a free market are based solely upon the demand and supply of the products. The distribution and cost of goods in a free market are based solely upon the demand and supply of the products. The analysis conducted helps in understanding the theories of economics related to market demand-supply. The application of the underlying theories of economics in practical conditions of the market is considered. The study provides an insight of the impacts of changing market condition on the prices of the products. The effects of the increase in demand of the computers on its prices in the market could be explained by relating the actual market scenario with the concepts of economic theories. The demand of computers increased over time due to several factors. The rise in demand of computers would cause rightward shift of the demand curve leading to rise in the quantity demanded and rise in prices of computer. In order to maintain the position of equilibrium, the supply levels to the market also increased. As a result of increased supply, the supply curve would shift rightward leading to rise in the level of quantity supplied and a reduction of level of prices of computer. The quantity available increased leads to fall in prices.